This content was originally published on The Conversation.
The concept of inserting a computer into the human brain was once considered the stuff of science fiction. However, in today’s world, this idea has become a reality, with various academic and commercial entities experimenting with “brain-computer interface” devices to empower individuals with disabilities. Notably, Elon Musk’s Neuralink has brought this technology to the forefront of discussions surrounding ethics, safety, and neuroscience.
In January 2024, Musk revealed that Neuralink successfully implanted its first chip into a human subject’s brain. Seeking insights on the ethical implications of this groundbreaking development in neuroscience, The Conversation engaged two experts from the University of Washington School of Medicine–Nancy Jecker, a bioethicst, and Andrew Ko, a neurosurgeon–for their perspectives.
Understanding the Function of Brain Chips
The N1 device created by Neuralink is a compact device that aims to enable users to perform tasks simply by focusing on them, without the need for physical movement.
Participants in Neuralink’s PRIME study, which stands for Precise Robotically Implanted Brain-Computer Interface, undergo a surgical procedure to implant the device in an area of the brain responsible for controlling movements. The chip captures and processes the brain’s electrical signals, transmitting this information to an external device, such as a smartphone or computer.
The external device interprets the brain activity of the patient, learning to correlate specific patterns with the user’s desired action, such as moving a cursor on a screen. With time, the software can identify a consistent neural firing pattern associated with the user imagining an action and then execute that action on behalf of the individual.
Neuralink’s ongoing trial is primarily focused on assisting individuals with paralysis in managing computers or smartphones. Brain-computer interfaces, commonly known as BCIs, also have the potential to control devices like wheelchairs.
Distinguishing Features of Neuralink’s Technology
While noninvasive devices positioned externally on an individual’s head have been utilized in clinical trials for an extended period, they have not yet received FDA approval for commercial deployment.
Neuralink’s brain-computer devices, like the N1 implant, are fully implanted and wireless, setting them apart from other similar technologies. Additionally, the N1 implant integrates multiple technologies into a single device, allowing for the targeting of individual neurons, recording from numerous sites in the brain, and wireless recharging of its small battery. These advancements hold promise for achieving enhanced outcomes.
Criticism Surrounding Neuralink
Neuralink was granted FDA approval for human trials in May 2023. Musk made the announcement of the company’s inaugural human trial via his social media platform, X (formerly Twitter), in January 2024.
However, details regarding the implant are limited, except for a brochure aimed at attracting trial participants. Notably, Neuralink has not registered on ClinicalTrials.gov,